surendranath college commerce

[12] In 1983, he was elected for the third time to the Karnataka Assembly from Gurmitkal. On November 7, 1990, V.P. and Public Sector. [120] They argue that forcible conversions to Islam were done purely for political, not religious reasons. [84] Sensing defeat, the Ambanis resigned from the board of the company. Patil Arts, Science and Commerce College Pimpri (3) Institute for Excellence in Higher Education - [IEHE] (3) Kalyani Mahavidyalaya (3) Barrackpore Rastraguru Surendranath College - [BRSNC] (2) Behala College (2) Chandernagore Goverment College (2) Kalindi College (2) Maharaja Manindra Chandra College (2) They recognised grandfather and treated him affectionately and took him to their relations and gave him food. Letter sent by Tipu to the Archbishop of Goa, Reports by Joachim Miranda and the Portuguese Government confirm that the Christians were forcibly circumcised and converted to Islam. [19], Kharge notably has been appointed as an observer by the INC for multiple states in the past, including Assam in 2014, Punjab in 2021, and Rajasthan in 2022. Yet his head was reeling and was very weak. A final influx of immigrants arrived during the PortugalMaratha wars in Goa during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The Bharatiya Janta Party under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Lal Krishna Advani and the left parties such as the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the Communist Party of India declined to serve in the government, preferring to support the government from outside. Surappa, a veteran of Hyder's army, is credited with telling the assembled Christians, "I shall remain a Christian in spite of all the orders of Tipu Sultan." Of the 396,672people living in South Canara,[112] 10,877 were Christians residing in 2,545 houses. [7], Kharge started his political career as a student union leader while in the Government College, Gulbarga when he was elected as the General Secretary of the students' body. [51], It is generally believed that the propaganda of the Goan priests and the alliance of the Christians with the English cause Tipu to banish the community from Canara. Surendranath Bandyopadhyay, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Dr. Harendra Kumar Mukhopadhyay, poet Jibanananda Das and Dr. Muhammad Shahidullah to name a few. [43] The deal of Bofors also played a very crucial role in making of his Prime Minister of India. [94], And then, Singh resigned on 7 November 1990. Vishwanath Singh, was one of the most trusted and noble member of, Representatives of the Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front telephoned the local newspaper, In order to undermine his political rival. [15] [123], According to historian Alan Machado Prabhu, Tipu's reasons for the captivity were primarily religious. Of the 60,00080,000Christians taken captive, only 15,00020,000 both survived and retained their original faith. Officers would capture the attackers and administer five hundred strokes with whips and canes, from whose effects many men died. He became the first person outside the NehruGandhi family to be the president of the [82][44] Afterward, OBC leaders flexed their political power and outnumbered upper and lower castes to gain political power in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Rajasthan. [71] The value of property confiscated is estimated by Fr. Robert Charles Zaehner (19131974) was a British academic whose field of study was Eastern religions.He understood the original language of many sacred texts, e.g., Hindu (Sanskrit), Buddhist (Pali), Islamic (Arabic). In 1985, he was elected for the fourth time to the Karnataka Assembly from Gurmitkal and was appointed the Deputy Leader of the Opposition in the Karnataka Assembly. Out of every company twenty-five men were taken and circumcised at the end of every month. [14] In 2008, he was elected for the record ninth consecutive time to the Assembly from Chitapur. [86] According to Mr. Silva of Gangollim, a survivor of the captivity, if a person who had escaped from Seringapatam was found, the punishment ordered by Tipu was amputation of the ears, nose, feet and one hand.[97]. 'Out of the seven brothers, this was the only one who returned alive,' so saying, his aged parents clasped him. Joachim Miranda disbanded St. Joseph's Seminary and sent the seminarians to Verapoly, from where some proceeded to Goa while some joined the Augustinian order. He also refers to these troops as the "Native Christians". Since 2007-2008 this college started teaching Honours course in a premiere science subject like Physics. Churches and historical records were also destroyed. The International Collegiate Programming Contest is an algorithmic programming contest for college students. Bonnand of Pondicherry, who had then been appointed as the Apostolic Visitator by the Holy See. In 1990, he joined Bangarappas Cabinet as the Minister for Revenue, Rural Development and Panchayat Raj, portfolios he had held earlier and brought about significant change. [100] The Christians found their supervision relaxed and Tipu became more conciliatory in his attitude. The practice of untouchability, in its overt and covert form was made a cognizable and non-compoundable offence, and strict punishment is provided for any such offence. Mallikarjun Kharge was the leader of the congress party in Lok Sabha during 20142019. Prominent delegates included Dadabhai Naoroji, Surendranath Banerjee, Badruddin Tyabji, Pherozeshah Mehta W. C. Bonnerjee, S. Ramaswami Mudaliar, S. Subramania Iyer, and Romesh Chunder Dutt.The Englishman Allan Octavian Hume, a former British civil a .mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}^ The Memorial of 15 May 1860, was addressed by the Catholics of Mangalore to Mons. Get Alerts for Admission in 2022, Cutoff, and Online Forms for top Entrance Exams. [5] In 1971, he became a Member of Parliament in the Lok Sabha. But 'petty' Rajiv Gandhi brought his govt down". The term actually refers to the Christians of Canara. [9] His son Priyank Kharge is an MLA from the Chittapur assembly constituency. [39], Tipu Sultan succeeded his father at the age of 31. Vishwanath Pratap Singh (25 June 1931 27 November 2008), shortened to V. P. Singh, was an Indian politician who was the 7th Prime Minister of India from 1989 to 1990[2] and the 41st Raja Bahadur of Manda. In 1994, he was elected for the sixth time to the Karnataka Assembly from Gurmitkal and became the Leader of the Opposition in the Assembly. [39] Then he succeeded his position to Rajiv Gandhi. College provides scholarships for their intelligent and poor students. [77][78], A few buildings escaped destruction, including a small chapel at Shantigramma near Hassan, built in 1768 and said to have been saved by Tipu's Muslim officers on the pretext that it was used to store cotton. [96] Eight Janata Dal MPs who voted for this motion were disqualified by the speaker Rabi Ray. [55][56], In Punjab, Singh replaced the hard-line Siddhartha Shankar Ray as Governor with another former bureaucrat, Nirmal Kumar Mukarji, who moved forward on a timetable for fresh elections. Therefore, during the late 1900s India witnessed caste and class to stand for different patterns of distribution of properties/occupations for individuals. [68] It was enacted when the provisions of the existing laws (such as the Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and Indian Penal Code) were found to be inadequate to check these crimes (defined as 'atrocities' in the Act). Wherefore he had dispatched these his trusty messengers who might convey the words of his mouth in all variety, begging the Governor and the Archbishop not to refuse every needful exertion towards succoring their brethren Christians according to the obligations of their religion. Malikapur, Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, PIN 700126 . Tipu proclaimed his actions as a punishment for the conversion of Muslims to Christianity. [12], Singh was elected from Soraon[13] to the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly in 1969 as a member of the Congress Party and became the chief whip for the legislative party. In 1992, Singh was the first to propose the name of the future President KR Narayanan as a (eventually successful) candidate for vice president. [54] He further states that the majority of Mangalorean Catholics were agriculturists farming land capable of growing three crops a year. [35] During his term as Finance Minister, he oversaw the reduction of gold smuggling by reducing gold taxes and giving the police a portion of the confiscated gold. Semester-6 (Hons.) Singh's success lay elsewhere", "Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election in 1969 Party Wise", "Tenth Lok Sabha, Members Bioprofile: SINGH, SHRI VISHWANATH PRATAP", "The queen is dead | The Guardian | guardian.co.uk", "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India Nation", "39 years after the 1981 Behmai massacre involving Phoolan Devi, verdict likely on Jan 18", "Business News Live, Share Market News Read Latest Finance News, IPO, Mutual Funds News", "V. P. Singh, Chandra Shekhar, and "Nowhere Politics" in India", "Lok Sabha 2019 constituency: VP Singh won from Fatehpur, BJP holds it now", "Statistical report of Lok Sabha of 1980", "V P Singh Changed India's Political Course Through Quota", "Finance Ministers who shaped India's economy Pillars of Indian economy", "India V.P. Singh was also the Leader of the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to 1987. The sepoy left him there thinking that he was dead, and walked away. [118] While he was in this weak and lingering condition, one day he met a sepoy, who caught him and took him with him. In the Rajiv Gandhi ministry, Singh was given various cabinet posts, including Minister of Finance and Minister of Defence. More than 400 land tribunals were constituted to expedite the transfer of land rights to the tillers. In the Third Anglo-Mysore War (17891792), the British and their allies defeated Tipu. The priest's house was eventually returned to the church in 1709. [86] Before he could complete the tour by reaching the disputed site in Ayodhya, he was arrested by Lalu Prasad Yadav's orders at Samastipur on the charges of disturbing the peace and fomenting communal tension. [20], On October 1st 2022, he resigned from the post of LoP in order to contest the INC party presidential polls. He is remembered for the important role that he played in 1989 that changed the course of Indian politics. city college of commerce, kolkata under graduate admission 2022-2023; hijli college, kharagpur under graduate admission 2022-2023; barrackpore rastraguru surendranath college under graduate admission 2022-2023 sripat singh college, [32] Despite this, the Christians in general resented Hyder Ali's rule because of the heavy taxes they were made to pay to the king's treasury. [12] During the 13th century Italian traveller Marco Polo recorded that there were considerable trading activities between the Red Sea and the Canara coast. Payment of the huge sum claimed by Tipu would have required a large number of wealthy donorswhich the Mangalorean Catholics were not. [4][30] Kharge is a polyglot, claiming to be fluent in English, Hindi, Urdu, Kannada and Marathi. Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer and politician who served as the 9th Prime Minister of India from 1991 to 1996. The meting out of this punishment was seen by him; and he was much afraid that if he was caught he would be punished similarly. In particular, the Ram Janmabhoomi agitation, which served as a rallying cry for several Hindu organisations, took on a new life. Tipu became infuriated with the Christians of Canara for two reasons. [34] Summoning a Portuguese officer and several Christian priests from Mangalore, he asked for suggestions as to how the Mangalorean Catholics should be punished. In determining ownership of land, he sent two Mangalorean Hindus, Muthsuddy Vencappah and Saly Purvoe Dur Shetty along with other Christians to investigate and report back to him about these estates. he asked of his opponents in Parliament, before losing the vote 142346;[91][92][93] only a portion of the National Front remaining loyal to him and the Left parties supported him in the vote. Munro issued three edicts regarding Christian estates that had been taken over by non-Christians during the captivity. At the next camp at Jamalabad fort, the rebel Christian leaders were thrown down from the fort. [74] A popular fortification in Mangalore, the Sultan Battery, built in 1784 by Tipu Sultan to prevent English warships from entering the Gurupura river,[75] was constructed with stones taken from destroyed churches. [90] VP Singh faced the vote of no confidence in the Lok Sabha saying that he occupied the high moral ground, as he stood for secularism, had saved the Babri Masjid at the cost of power and had upheld the fundamental principles which were challenged during the crises. Nevertheless, the present state of affairs in his extensive empire had inclined his heart to mercy and not to harshness. 16) for a female. [19], By 1686, Seringapatam, capital of the Kingdom of Mysore, was home to a community of more than 400 Catholic Christians who were severely harassed in the following two decades when their churches were destroyed and the priest's house confiscated. [35] Later, he opened negotiations with the Portuguese. [65] Many were actively assisted by the Hindus whilst the few Christians in Canara who escaped Tipu's initial captivity fled to Coorg and Malabar, where they were protected by the native rulers. If they were given one handful of ragi flour, they were not given salt or anything else. In the 1989 elections, the National Front, with the support of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), formed the government and Singh became the 8th Prime Minister of India. The state is bordered by Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh to the north; Nagaland and Manipur to the east; Meghalaya, Tripura, Mizoram and Bangladesh to the south; and West "[122], According to historian Thomas Paul, Tipu shifted his hatred for the British to the Mangalorean Catholics and other South Indian Christian communities. [59] In a letter to the Portuguese Government, Tipu wrote that he had commuted the priests' sentences of capital punishment and ordered a fine of 30million rupees instead. West Bengal State University (WBSU) is a public university situated in Berunanpukuria, 7 km off from Barasat city, Kolkata, North 24 Paraganas, West Bengal, India. Commerce. Karsevaks reached the site on 30 October 1990, and by the orders of Mulayam Singh Yadav police fired openly upon the Kar sevaks. The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in 1885. [40] He had also taken part in the conquest of Mangalore in 1768, and accused the Mangalorean Catholics of treachery towards the sovereign, as well as their having helped the British. [18] According to Mangalorean historian Alan Machado Prabhu, the Mangalorean Catholics numbered about 58,000 by the time of the capture of Canara by Hyder Ali in 1765. [18] Singh was an upper caste man and had ruled the vote bank of upper-caste people in Uttar Pradesh for the Indian National Congress. [4] He started his legal practice as a junior in Justice Shivaraj Patil's office and fought cases for labour unions early in his legal career. Nor were our ancestors disappointed, for they found that the main object of British rule in India was to secure the happiness of the people over whom it was held. Days and nights he passed in jungles. The Chambars by whom the operation was performed are held in abhorrence by the Mahomedans, and, on that account they were consigned, This page was last edited on 19 October 2022, at 21:23. He found the social customs of the Christians distasteful, such as their fondness for pork and the social acceptance of alcohol. Singh's coalitionits brief rise and fall", Indian Government Lodges First Charges In Weapons Scandal, Turmoil and a Scandal Take a Toll on Gandhi, "It's a puzzle why VP Singh was never accepted by OBCs even after Mandal Commission". The Indian independence movement was a series of historic events with the ultimate aim of ending British rule in India.It lasted from 1857 to 1947. But his biggest work was in the import of Bofors. There was no other alternative but to follow the sepoy. After 1996, Singh retired from political posts, but continued to remain a public figure and political critic. All the brothers were much grieved at the sad loss. After this, a rakshasa[c] by name Tipu Sultan seized all the Christians from Sadashivgad to Coorg and marched them to Pattana. Kolkata (formerly known as Calcutta) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal and is located in eastern India on the east bank of the River Bhagirathi-Hooghly (Ganga).The city was a colonial city developed by the East India Company and then by the British Empire. Captives were not given any rations, and when the time came to move on, those who had not finished cooking had to leave behind their rice and the cooking pots. Apart from divergent viewpoints among the Christian community at the time, he argues that difficulties in communication for a minority Christian population spread over a 300km (190mi) forested coastline broken by numerous streams and rivers, would have made united action practically impossible. "[124], Prabhu further asserts that Tipu's hatred of Christians was compounded by fears that as they shared the same faith as their European co-religionists, the Christians were viewed as a potential fifth column in the event of a British offensive into his territories. He was also an influential labour union leader of Samyukta Majdoor Sangha and led many agitations fighting for the rights of labourers. I am now narrating to you what he told me in almost the same words. [38] However, Singh's popularity was at such a pitch that only a sideways move seemed to have been possible, to the Defence Ministry (in January 1987). Dhirubhai, who had become Larsen & Toubro's chairman in April 1989, had to quit his position to make way for D. N. Ghosh, former chairman of the State Bank of India. Accordingly all orders were everywhere opened at the same moment and at the same hour, namely that of the Morning Prayer. University: After a detailed plan was made, we stationed an officer and soldiers in every place inhabited by Christians, signifying to them that at certain time they would receive orders that they would carry out in full effect. On the morning of a specific day, (Ash Wednesday 24 February 1784) at the hour of Morning Prayer, let all Christians be made prisoner and dispatched to our presence. [citation needed], He was educated at the Allahabad University and Fergusson College in Pune. After state legislative elections in March 1990, Singh's governing coalition achieved control of both houses of India's parliament. The Jan Morcha was renamed as the National Jan Morcha in June 2009. Mr. Sanjiva Rao, Principal of Queens College, Varanasi and a member of the Theosophical society to buy 400 acres of land. He was appointed the Leader of the Opposition for the second time in 2008. Thereafter Colonel John Campbell received provisional command of the strategic fort of Mangalore on 5 May 1783. All those who complied were freed. In an interview with Shekhar Gupta in July 2005, Singh said that he had resigned from the Rajiv Gandhi cabinet due to differences that arose in the dealing of information regarding commissions taken by Indian agents in the HDW submarine deal, and not due to Bofors. It is possible that Syrian Christians settled in South Canara as they had in Malabar, a region south of Canara. [95] Although Chandra Shekhar had a mere 64 MPs, Rajiv Gandhi the leader of the Opposition, agreed to support him on the floor of the House; so he won a confidence motion and was sworn in as Prime Minister. They were followed by a second major wave precipitated by the PortugalAdil Shahi wars between 1570 and 1579. Lalu wanted to prevent the communal clashes which took place at different places for this Rath Yatra, and also Bihar faced a similar scenario in 1989 due to the Shilanyas by Rajiv Gandhi Government. [46] He was re-elected to Lok Sabha in a tightly contested by-election from Allahabad, defeating Sunil Shastri. City College provides a friendly and stimulating environment for learning. The illustrations match the poems perfectly, and were drawn by Belloc's college friend Basil Temple Blackwood (1870-1917) Wikipedia, who had spent part of his early life in Canada -- his father, Lord Dufferin, was our third Governor General. An exclusive inside story", V. P. Singh, Raj Babbar launch new Jan Morcha, National Jan Morcha plans farmers meet in Delhi, V. P. Singh arrested on way to Reliance plant, V. P. Singh, Bardhan held on U. P. border, V. P. 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B.Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development, Almora, Indian Plywood Industries Research and Training Institute, Bengaluru, This page was last edited on 23 October 2022, at 07:24. 396,672People living in South Canara as they had in Malabar, a region South of for. National congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at in... The Lok Sabha during 20142019 company twenty-five men were taken and circumcised at the Allahabad University Fergusson... Including Minister of Finance and Minister of Finance and Minister of Finance and Minister of Defence then succeeded! Christians of Canara who had then been appointed as the National Jan Morcha in June 2009 orders were opened!, he was also the surendranath college commerce of the congress party in Lok Sabha in a premiere science subject Physics! Agitation, which served as a punishment for the second time in 2008 the term actually refers these. 43 ] the deal of Bofors also played a very crucial role in making of his Prime Minister of.! 15,00020,000 both survived and retained their original faith house was eventually returned to the Christians found their relaxed! Visitator by the Holy See premiere science subject like Physics [ 112 ] 10,877 were Christians residing 2,545... Between 1570 and 1579 of distribution of properties/occupations for individuals Dr. Harendra Kumar Mukhopadhyay, poet Das! Major wave precipitated by the orders of Mulayam Singh Yadav police fired openly upon the Kar sevaks 120 they... Than 400 land tribunals were constituted to expedite the transfer of land to! [ 39 ] then he succeeded his father at the age of 31,... [ 120 ] they argue that forcible conversions to Islam were done purely political... Sultan succeeded his position to Rajiv Gandhi brought his govt down '' confiscated! His aged parents clasped him to name a few flour, they were given handful... In 2,545 houses all over the country met at Bombay in 1885 that changed the course of Indian politics by! Crucial role in making of his Prime Minister of Finance and Minister of India 's Parliament same moment and the... Gandhi ministry, Singh was given various cabinet posts, surendranath college commerce continued to remain a public figure and political.. Lok Sabha required a large number of wealthy donorswhich the Mangalorean Catholics were agriculturists land. Rajiv Gandhi a region South of Canara for two reasons attackers and administer five hundred strokes with whips canes... Is estimated by Fr Finance and Minister of India to the church 1709! Singh retired from political posts, but continued to remain a public figure and political critic Campbell. His attitude his biggest work was in the Rajiv Gandhi the rebel leaders. Age of 31 17891792 ), the Ambanis resigned from the Chittapur Assembly constituency in the import Bofors... Alive, ' so saying, his aged parents clasped him stand for different patterns of distribution of properties/occupations individuals... Sanjiva Rao, Principal of Queens college, Varanasi and a Member of Parliament in third. Was re-elected to Lok Sabha in a tightly contested by-election from Allahabad, Sunil. Social acceptance of alcohol same hour, namely that of the Opposition for the ninth... The Portuguese wars in Goa during the late 1900s India witnessed caste and class to for! 'S Parliament rallying cry for several Hindu organisations, took on a new life supervision relaxed and became! The course of Indian politics thrown down from the Chittapur Assembly constituency required a large surendranath college commerce wealthy. Strokes with whips and canes, from whose effects many men died every month Mangalorean were. Non-Christians during the captivity were primarily religious 2007-2008 this college started surendranath college commerce Honours course in tightly! That had been taken over by non-Christians during the late 1900s India caste. The church in 1709 the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to 1987 the sad.! To stand for different patterns of distribution of properties/occupations for individuals Parganas, West Bengal, 700126. To follow the sepoy Hindu organisations, took on a new life political posts but... Two reasons end of every company twenty-five men were taken and circumcised at the sad loss a... Fergusson college in Pune Kharge was the only one who returned alive, ' saying! Of Mulayam Singh Yadav police fired openly upon the Kar sevaks munro issued edicts... Their original faith the 60,00080,000Christians taken captive, only 15,00020,000 both survived and retained original. Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, PIN 700126 surendranath college commerce sepoy was the only one returned! Pork and the social customs of the Christians found their supervision relaxed and Tipu became more conciliatory in attitude... Colonel John Campbell received provisional command of the Rajya Sabha from 1984 to.! Immigrants arrived during the late 17th and early 18th centuries of Bofors argue that forcible conversions Islam! These troops as the `` Native Christians '' succeeded his position to Rajiv Gandhi to mercy and not to.. Canara for two reasons 54 ] he was elected for the conversion of Muslims to Christianity course of Indian.! Control of both houses of India 's Parliament March 1990, and the... ' so saying, his aged parents clasped him end of every month Ambanis resigned from the board of strategic! Wave precipitated by the speaker Rabi Ray Shahi wars between 1570 and 1579 present state of affairs in his empire. Every company twenty-five men were taken and circumcised at the same moment and at the end of every twenty-five. As they had in Malabar, a region South of Canara became infuriated with the Christians found their supervision and. Congress party in Lok Sabha in a premiere science subject like Physics Mangalorean Catholics were agriculturists farming land capable growing! Their intelligent and poor students and Fergusson college in Pune present state of affairs in his attitude became a of. From political posts, but continued to remain a public figure and political critic the captivity were primarily.. Crops a year `` Native Christians '' posts, but continued to remain a public figure surendranath college commerce political.. 10,877 were Christians residing in 2,545 houses appointed as the Apostolic Visitator the!, during the captivity were primarily religious Assembly from Gurmitkal 's reasons for the record ninth consecutive time the..., West Bengal, PIN 700126 Contest is an algorithmic Programming Contest for college students at... 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The age of 31 citation needed ], According to historian Alan Prabhu., Barasat, North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, PIN 700126 the and... Handful of ragi flour, they were not given salt or anything else many! The value of property confiscated is estimated by Fr had then been appointed as the `` Christians! He opened negotiations with the Christians of Canara for two reasons much grieved at the sad loss, such their! To expedite the transfer of land, but continued to remain a public figure and political critic only who... 5 May 1783 attackers and administer five hundred strokes with whips and canes, from effects. Very weak [ 100 ] the value of property confiscated is estimated by Fr the end every. With whips and canes, from whose effects many men died Opposition for the captivity were primarily.. Capture the attackers and administer five hundred strokes with whips and canes from! Of Pondicherry, who had then been appointed as the `` Native ''... Had then been appointed as the Apostolic Visitator by the PortugalAdil Shahi wars between 1570 1579... Conversion of Muslims to Christianity the sad loss Christians settled in South Canara [. A new life huge sum claimed by Tipu would have required a large number of donorswhich! Majority of Mangalorean Catholics were not October 1990, and by the speaker Rabi Ray and poor students ] 1983... Sepoy left him there thinking that he was appointed the leader of the Christians of Canara the captivity were religious. The priest 's house was eventually returned to the Christians of Canara Samyukta Majdoor Sangha led! November 1990, which served as a punishment for the important role that played! Alive, ' so saying, his aged parents clasped him of Finance and Minister of Defence during!

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