ocean alkalinity enhancement

In this consensus report, OAE stands out as a potentially efficient and highly scalable CDR pathway that permanently sequesters CO2. Ren. Generally speaking, permitting of wastewater in Canada provides for this kind of addition limiting the change of pH to a maximum of 9 from the baseline of 8.1 in seawater. Raw material production (e.g., mining, grinding, transport) and the energy sources which are used will greatly influence the net CO2removal. Development Gaps and Needs. This process will make a minor change to the local pH in the waters receiving the alkalinity. 2013. This approach is broadly inspired by Earth's modulation of alkalinity on geological timescales. Current concern about the accelerated rate of carbon dioxide (CO2) diffusion from the atmosphere into the surface ocean has prompted the marine scientific community to explore ocean CO2 removal (CDR) approaches. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. This includes particle dissolution rate (when adding minerals), secondary precipitation, and CO, Large-scale and permanent modification of seawater carbon chemistry will have desired and undesired environmental impacts, and these impacts are likely to differ across the various modes of alkalinity addition. The threat of acidification includes a decline in commercial fisheries and in the Arctic tourism industry and economy . One of the many CDR approaches we are exploring is managing ocean alkalinity. The . Irrespective of the mode of alkalinity enhancement, estimated costs remain above (or close to) $100 per net ton removed, largely as a result of high energy costs. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) has been proposed as a method to remove carbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere and to counteract ocean acidification. Priority questions for this request for proposals include: OAE can, at least on paper, sequester billions tons of CO2annually for tens or even hundreds of thousands of years, imitating geologic weathering processes that have sequestered trillions of tons of atmospheric CO2in the ocean over millennia. The bad news is that it will take thousands of years to do it. Alkaline molecules are a natural part of the ocean and its processes, but they are produced slowlyover hundreds to thousands of yearsas rock on land is weathered and the minerals are . The oceans already hold roughly 38,000 billion tons of carbon; their capacity to store additional carbon is, for practical purposes, unlimited. Willauer & Z.J. These include spreading finely ground alkaline substances over the open ocean, depositing alkaline sand or gravel on beaches or coastal seabeds, and reacting seawater with alkaline minerals inside specialized fuel cells before releasing it back into the ocean. Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Facebook, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Twitter, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on LinkedIn, Institute for Carbon Removal Law & Policy on Instagram, Professional Studies and Executive Education, Assessing Ocean Alkalinity for Carbon Sequestration. While mitigating all anthropogenic emissions by increasing ocean alkalinity is unlikely to be technically possible or desirable, . The feasibility of ocean alkalinity enhancement . , , , , . A cohort of technology innovation teams that build proof-of-concept prototypes for cost-effective, scalable, and reliable OAE deployment, including monitoring, reporting, and verification hardware. The resulting CO2 deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO2 into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. When this lands on alkaline rock, it weathers (or dissolves) the surface of the rock, forming carbonates and bicarbonates in solution. To date, most attention has been paid to terrestrial EW applications (Khler et al., 2010; Schuiling and Tickell, 2010; Hartmann et al., 2013), with potential co-benefits in addition to CDR including stabilization of soil pH, addition of micronutrients, and crop fertilization (e.g., Manning, 2010). A research strategy for ocean-based carbon dioxide removal and sequestration, pp 181-208. Award Amount. The road maps are intended to catalyze global collaboration and engagement and will be updated and refined as advances emerge in science, technology, governance, and policy. The report estimates $125 . First, how much CO2 is permanently moved from the atmosphere to the ocean and how quickly does this happen (carbon accounting)? Ocean Visions ocean-based CDR road maps provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. The report estimates $125 million to $200 million for research, including field and laboratory . The governance of ocean alkalinity enhancement is also likely to be problematic, constrained by LC/LP regulation and strongly opposed by NGOs that reject climate interventions considered to interfere with nature. coastal enhanced weathering of olivine which aims to sequester CO 2 as bicarbonate in the ocean . "However, this would also release substances that would enter the marine environment, either by leaching into waterways from Enhanced Weathering on land or by being directly added through Ocean. These factors include location (e.g., physical and biogeochemical environment where the alkalinity is added) and the mode, frequency, and rate of alkalinity addition. 1000 degrees Celsius are used to heat high purity limestone. Therefore, this approach has the potential to not only remove atmospheric CO2 but also counteract ocean acidification and thus contribute to the restoration of ecosystems threatened by it. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement This approach chemically alters ocean water to increase its alkalinity in order to enhance reactions that take up atmospheric CO2. despite global efforts to mitigate emissions and decarbonize the economy, it is unlikely that extreme ecosystem effects can be fully averted without carbon dioxide removal (cdr) mechanisms.this document makes an attempt at discussing current knowledge and knowledge gaps relating to the local and global application of ocean alkalinity enhancement However, meeting climate mitigation targets with land-based CDR alone will be extremely difficult, if not impossible, because the ocean governs the atmospheric CO2 concentration and acts as the natural thermostat of Earth, simply because the ocean contains more than 50 times as much carbon as the atmosphere (Sarmiento and Gruber, 2002). . 2022. And the best part is this. It involves the dissolution of alkaline minerals such as quick lime, CaO, and hydrated lime, Ca(OH) 2. Testing ocean alkalinity enhancement as a method to restore ecosystem services impacted by ocean acidification. If youd like to stay informed, send us an email at climate@additionalventures.org. CO2 removal with enhanced weathering and ocean alkalinity enhancement: Potential risks and co-benefits for marine pelagic ecosystems. This enhanced weathering could theoretically increase CO, Ocean alkalinity enhancement may counter ocean acidification the change in seawater chemistry that has been caused by absorption of anthropogenic CO. pollution into the upper layer of the ocean. The sheer scale of the ocean means that any ocean-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR) solutions proven to be viable and safe would have the potential to clean up billions of tons of CO2. Expanding the Community for Ocean Solutions. Abstract. "And, it could help to mitigate anthropogenic CO2 emissions by increasing the buffering capacity of the global ocean." Ocean Visions CDR Community brings together stakeholders to advance the state of knowledge, build bridges across disciplines, and help the community move towards safe and equitable testing and piloting of the most promising ocean-based CDR approaches. Although the basic chemistry of ocean alkalinization is well understood and the individual components of most approaches are well developed, ocean alkalinization itself remains in the early stages of research and development. Rock weathering is often referred to as Earths Thermostat since it moderates the temperature of the planet. What are ocean scientists doing to change ocean alkalinity? Cross-cutting road map Read the core principles guiding our work on carbon dioxide removal and the ocean. This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the atmosphere. Download an overview of the Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program. This way, alkalinity added to the top one meter of the ocean will absorb CO2 directly from the atmosphere. The good news is that this process will solve climate change. For example, on geologic timescales, the dissolution of alkaline silicate minerals plays a major role in restoring ocean chemistry via addition of alkalinity to the ocean and conversion of CO2 into other dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) species (Archer et al., 2009). As CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere rise due to our emissions, it creates whats called a partial pressure difference in CO2 between the air and the surface ocean. This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2, which would cause further invasion of e CO2 from the atmosphere to the ocean. To give a sense of scale, if you were to remove all the CO2 from the atmosphere and put it in the oceans, it would only increase the amount of carbon in ocean chemistry by 2%. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is increasements in the ocean's alkalinity via the exposure of large quantities of reactive minerals to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ions (HCO To remove the maximum amount of CO from the atmosphere, that alkalinity needs to persist in seawater. Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . The road maps are intended to catalyze global collaboration and engagement and will be updated and refined as advances emerge in science, technology, governance, and policy. The goal of ocean alkalinity enhancement is to accelerate the carbon-absorbing weathering of rock, which naturally occurs as rainfall washes over land into waterways and eventually the ocean.. While OAE is potentially efficient, permanent, and scalable on paper, it remains a theoretical concept with many open questions which we hope to answer. Specifically, following alkalinity addition, CO2 is converted into bicarbonate ions (HCO3) and carbonate ions (CO32), and these chemical changes lead to a rise in pH (Kheshgi, 1995; Gore et al., 2019). Our definition of OAE encompasses these electrochemical approaches. However, a critical knowledge gap exists regarding their dissolution in natural seawater. The oceans contain 38,000 Gt C, some 45 times more than the present atmosphere, and oceanic uptake has already consumed close to 40% of anthropogenic C emissions [Sabine and Tanhua, 2010].On long timescales (~100-200 ka) the ocean and weathering will reduce atmospheric CO 2 to values close to preindustrial [Lord et al., 2016].So the issue is not capacity, but rather a question of how to . One idea is ocean alkalinity enhancement - adding minerals like olivine or other alkaline substances to the ocean that react with CO2 to form bicarbonate ions, which once again causes the ocean to take up more CO2 from the atmosphere. For this reason, Planetary is developing a detailed framework aimed at ensuring alkalinity addition at any site is preceded by detailed research and . Enhance the understanding of sustainable Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement as a carbon dioxide removal (CDR) method. The resulting CO, deficit in surface waters is quickly rebalanced via a net movement of atmospheric CO. into the ocean, to reestablish equilibrium. We may be able to greatly enhance this process via human-caused additions of alkaline material. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is a particularly promising ocean CDR approach. Ocean alkalinity enhancement carries medium environmental risks and medium to high scale-up costs. Impacts on human industry. A number of ocean-based CDR approaches are being exploredincluding ocean alkalinity enhancement. The report says there is high confidence in its efficacy. This includes particle dissolution rate (when adding minerals), secondary precipitation, and CO2 gas exchange dynamics. Through my work on negative emissions technologies (NETs) I have become familiar with the options to sustain and increase the ocean carbon sink - the sink that has come to our aid in absorbing close to one third of all historical CO2 emissions - and particularly the technique of ocean alkalinity enhancement or OAE [2]. CLOSED Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Engineering Award. 3 and Table 1). This amounts to capturing carbon dioxide and trapping it back in mineral form. There are two ways that the earth transfers carbon from the atmosphere to the ocean rock weathering and direct dissolution. provide overviews of potential technologies, obstacles they face, and first-order priorities needing attention to advance the field. Two pathways holding significant potential for CDR are together known as ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE). When alkalinity increases in seawater, dissolved CO2is chemically transformed to bicarbonate and carbonate ions. When theres excess CO2, the process accelerates and when theres less, it slows down. Should carbonates form, CO is still removed, but not as efficiently. There are different ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. First, how much CO, An ocean sciences and modeling team that is resourced and empowered to work creatively and iteratively to systematically assesses whether OAE can safely, permanently, and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO. The ocean already holds more carbon than any other part of the biosphere and has the potential to contribute even more. In late 2021, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Mathematics (NASEM) released a study on ocean-based CDR approaches. Land-based CDR methods such as afforestation or bioenergy with carbon capture and storage have received much attention recently. The BOAE project is an electrochemical cell-free synthetic biology flow reactor. Ocean alkalinity enhancement is one of several promising tools that could help achieve this goal. Much research remains to be done to assess the efficacy and side effects of various approaches. The Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement R&D Program is an ambitious effort to evaluate the technical feasibility of alkalinity enhancement as an efficient method for sequestering atmospheric CO2, and to identify under what conditions it could be deployed safely. . As olivine dissolves, it adds alkalinity to seawater. One proposed ocean-based CDR technique is ocean alkalinity1 enhancement (OAE) (Figure 7.1), also termed enhanced weathering (EW), proposed by Kheshgi (1995). The organisation, in partnership with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders, is offering funding for scientific teams to systematically assess whether OAE can safely, permanently and cost-effectively sequester atmospheric CO2 at scale. so, then this alkalinity can be produced in vast quantities in the ocean dead zones and distributed across the ocean's surface. , Renforth, P., B.G. Ocean-based approaches were beyond the scope of the NASEM study, posing the risk of delayed maturation in this area, and a reduction in the total CDR achievable by 2100. When the concentration of CO2 in the ocean is less than the concentration of CO2 in the air, the greenhouse gas dissolves into the water. The cost of ocean alkalinity enhancement will vary depending on the alkalinity source, transport, and distribution methods of alkalinity in the ocean. The mission of Ocean Visions is to develop innovative and durable solutions to complex challenges facing our ocean. Direct dissolution of CO2 is far less of a beneficial process than rock weathering. This process is generally considered beneficial since the additional alkalinity provided helps the ocean to maintain the appropriate pH. In theory, ocean alkalinization could remove many billions of tons of CO2 per year, limited mainly by the extraction, processing, and application of alkaline substances: each ton of removal through ocean alkalinization requires processing roughly 13.5 tons of material. In the recent IPCC report, more than 96 percent of scenarios that limit warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels by the end of the century overshoot it on the way there. Additional Ventures is partnering with Ocean Visions and a consortium of philanthropic funders to invite pre-proposals to develop prototypes that could enable safe, cost-efficient, and scalable OAE.. The experiment will run for ~5 weeks and we will monitor how the plankton community develops under the different alkalinity treatments. Adding alkalinity to the ocean removes carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through a series of reactions that convert dissolved CO2 into stable bicarbonate and carbonate molecules, which in turn causes the ocean to absorb more CO2 from the air to restore equilibrium. 2018. Billions of tons of alkaline minerals such as olivine, basalt, and carbonate are readily available to be mined and could be applied to beaches or the open ocean. One of the plans, referred to as ocean alkalinity enhancement, would involve grinding up igneous rocks that are found on shorelines around . 1. It is also possible for alkalinity to be rapidly consumed by formation of secondary minerals such as clays and carbonates. There are several ways to add alkalinity to the ocean. Assessing Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Through the Seasonality of the Mississippi River Alkalinity Flux. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement. Electrochemical CDR Macroalgae Cultivation and Carbon Sequestration Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement Growing and Maintaining Public Support Expanding Finance and Investment This is a useful synthesis of current knowledge on ocean alkalinity enhancement, an approach to carbon removal that could have far-reaching effects (both positive and negative) on the ocean and coastal communities. This limit is also appropriate for seawater since it ensures that there are no significant chemical changes (such as precipitation) in the receiving waters. This mildly alkaline water flows out through rivers and streams into the oceans. Ocean Visions believes that we may be able to harness the power of the ocean to restore the climateandthe ocean itself. For the chemical binding of carbon dioxide, alkaline substances, for example silicate or lime, are discharged directly into the surface water of the ocean. Seaweed cultivation involves the growing of . This technique mimics natural weathering processes but accelerates them by adding low doses of alkalinity to the ocean's surface, slightly increasing its pH and enhancing its ability to absorb CO 2 from the . Increasing ocean pH via alkalinity enhancement may then be directly beneficial for organisms that are vulnerable to ocean acidification. These substances could include minerals, such as olivine, or artificial substances, such as lime or some industrial byproducts. Over hundreds of thousands of years, the carbonate species end up at the bottom of the ocean where they form carbonate rock. CDR inefficiencies and challenges around carbon accounting stem from processes that occur once the alkalinity source is added to the seawater. September 01, 2020 to May 31, 2023. Like it or not, as Bach et al. Negative CO2 Emissions via Enhanced Silicate Weathering in Coastal Environments. Ocean alkalinity enhancement has enormous potential to help mitigate the climate crisis, but steps must be taken to ensure that alkalinity addition is safe, and we still have a lot to learn. TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF OCEAN ALKALINITY ENHANCEMENT Ocean alkalinty increases with excess atmospheric CO 2 When excess atmospheric CO 2 passively diffuses into the ocean, much of that CO 2 is quickly hydrated to form carbonic acid. Then, to simulate ocean alkalinity enhancement, we added different amounts of carbonates to each mesocosm to increase alkalinity - except for one, which we left as an untreated control. Additional Ventures is committed to funding R&D in a responsible manner that accords with all applicable laws and regulations. However, weathering of alkaline minerals like olivine releases byproducts such as silica, magnesium, and trace metals. Ocean alkalinity enhancement involves adding alkalinity to ocean waters, either by discharging alkaline rocks or through an electrochemical process, which increases ocean pH levels and thereby enables greater uptake of carbon dioxide, as well as reducing the adverse impacts of ocean acidification. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggests that even aggressive mitigation measures to reduce CO2 emissions will have to be complemented with carbon dioxide removal (CDR) on the order of 1001000 billion tons of CO2 before the end of the 21st century to avert the worst consequences of climate change. The report estimates $125 . The BOAE project uses biological materials and nature inspired strategies to capture, concentrate and sequester CO2. The Challenge This video introduces ocean alkalinity enhancement as a potential carbon dioxide removal strategy.Learn more: www.oceancdr.net As the expression suggests, ocean alkalinity management imitates naturally occurring phenomenasuch as erosion of calcium containing rocks from land to sea and dissolution of empty shells that reduce both ocean acidification and atmospheric CO 2 levels. Ocean alkalinization is an approach to carbon removal that involves adding alkaline substances to seawater to enhance the oceans natural carbon sink. These are artificial upwelling (AU), ocean iron fertilization (OIF), ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE), and ocean afforestation (Fig. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is one of several proposed techniques for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and storing it in the oceans. 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