germanium semiconductor type

In addition to its applications in electronic devices, germanium is used as a component of alloys and in phosphors for fluorescent lamps. Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. Addison-Wesley Pub. [37] The germanium hydrohalides with one, two and three halogen atoms are colorless reactive liquids. An N-type semiconductor is a type of material used in electronics. Particularly, a very hard special antireflection coating of diamond-like carbon (DLC), refractive index 2.0, is a good match and produces a diamond-hard surface that can withstand much environmental abuse. [88] Germanium in the environment has little or no health impact. Silicon germanium (SiGe) is now a popular semiconductor that has skyrocketed in its production since the 90s. [37] GeS2 forms as a white precipitate when hydrogen sulfide is passed through strongly acid solutions containing Ge(IV). Germanium as a Semiconductor Following are some important points about Germanium There are four electrons in the outermost orbit of germanium. from ionizing radiation) to cross the band gap and to reach the conduction band. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Properties of semiconductors are determined by the energy gap between valence and conduction bands. Consider a germanium sample at T = 300K with doping concentration of N d = 0 and N a = 1016 cm-3. [24] These end uses represented 85% of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000. [90], Certain compounds of germanium have low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria. [46][47] The organogermanium compound 2-carboxyethylgermasesquioxane was first reported in the 1970s, and for a while was used as a dietary supplement and thought to possibly have anti-tumor qualities. [27] For similar reasons, end-use germanium has little impact on the environment as a biohazard. [34], Pure germanium is known to spontaneously extrude very long screw dislocations, referred to as germanium whiskers. ISBN-13: 978-3527411764. Germanium is considered a technology-critical element.[6]. [78] Other uses in electronics include phosphors in fluorescent lamps[32] and solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs). June 1992. [80] The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favored for PET bottles marketed in Japan. A pure semiconductor is an inherent semiconductor. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. The metalloid is also intrinsically semiconductive. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. [50] 84Ge through 87Ge isotopes also exhibit minor delayed neutron emission decay paths. It, therefore, can be used as a total absorption detector for gamma rays up to a few MeV. Germanium-based semiconductor detectors are most commonly used where a very good energy resolution is required, especially for gamma spectroscopy, as well as x-ray spectroscopy. Germanium Semiconductor. All of the elements of lower nuclear charge than germanium, except beryllium, boron, scandium, and gallium, are cosmically more abundant than germanium. permittivity of germanium okcupid: Courting, Love & More On The App Retailer 18/09/2022. Payroll Outsourcing Services; Corporate Secretarial Services 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. [9][10][18] He also determined an atomic weight of 72.32 by analyzing pure germanium tetrachloride (GeCl4), while Lecoq de Boisbaudran deduced 72.3 by a comparison of the lines in the spark spectrum of the element. These are then transformed into semiconductors by being doped (infused) with electron donor or acceptor atoms, either by incorporating the impurities in the melt during growth of the crystal or by diffusing the impurities into the crystal after it has been formed. Germanium Germanium is another semiconductor found in group 14 of the Periodic Table. The chemical symbol for Germanium is Ge. J. R. Lamarsh, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA (1983). Germanium compounds are also used for polymerization catalysts and have most recently found use in the production of nanowires. Germanium is widely distributed in nature but is too reactive to occur free. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. They have four valence electrons (tetravalent). In gamma spectroscopy, germanium is preferred due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon, increasing the probability of gamma-ray interaction. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. [27] The SiGe chips, with high-speed properties, can be made with low-cost, well-established production techniques of the silicon chip industry. In solid-state physics, this energy gap or band gap is an energy range between valence band and conduction band where electron states are forbidden. Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. In gamma spectroscopy, germanium is preferred due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon and which increases the probability of gamma ray interaction. The elemental semiconductors are those composed of single species of atoms, such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) in column IV and selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) in column VI of the periodic table. [60][61] The coal deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated 1600tonnes of germanium. Patterns of problems. [52] Germanium has been detected in some of the most distant stars[53] and in the atmosphere of Jupiter. Since germanium detectors produce the highest resolution commonly available today, they are used to measure radiation in a variety of applications, including personnel and environmental monitoring for radioactive contamination, medical applications, radiometric assay, nuclear security, and nuclear plant safety. W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. [71] At the end of 2002, the fiber optics industry consumed 60% of the annual germanium use in the United States, but this is less than 10% of worldwide consumption. In general, semiconductors are materials, inorganic or organic, which have the ability to control their conduction depending on chemical structure, temperature, illumination, and presence of dopants. This also provides the latter with a better resolution in energy. This is primarily because of electrons on the outer shell of the germanium atom. [51], At least 27 radioisotopes have also been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 58 to 89. In contrast to conductors, electrons in a semiconductor must obtain energy (e.g. eV (The name germanium derives from the Latin word Germania [Germany] and was given to the element by Winkler.) ISBN: 978-2759800414. When a potential difference is applied across the p-type of semiconductor, the holes appear to move from a positive end to a negative end. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. It is a lustrous, hard-brittle, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Germanium is grouped as the metalloid element which means that this carbon group element possesses both metallic and non-metallic chemical element properties. When we add n- type or donor impurities to the semiconductor , the width of the forbidden energy gap in the lattice structure is reduced.Due to addition of donor atoms, allowable energy levels are introduced a small. However, making large crystals with sufficient purity is difficult and expensive. The growth of these whiskers is one of the primary reasons for the failure of older diodes and transistors made from germanium, as, depending on what they eventually touch, they may lead to an electrical short.[35]. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors, tin and silicon. Under normal conditions GeI4 is a solid, GeF4 a gas and the others volatile liquids. They have an energy gap of less than 4eV (about 1eV). Assume complete ionization and electron and hole mobilities are 3900 cm2/Vsec and 1900 cm2/Vsec. On the other hand, in order to achieve maximum efficiency the detectors must operate at the very low temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196C), because at room temperatures the noise caused by thermal excitation is very high. [69][70] It has replaced titania as the dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the subsequent heat treatment that made the fibers brittle. Germanium IS a semiconductor. The two most important compounds of germanium are the dioxide (GeO2) and the tetrachloride (GeCl4). An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. [31] The unusual compound Ge6Cl16 has been prepared that contains the Ge5Cl12 unit with a neopentane structure. Nearly two decades later, in 1886, Clemens Winkler found the new element along with silver and sulfur, in an uncommon mineral called argyrodite. used a rod and bait crossword clue; In contrast to conductors, semiconductors electrons must obtain energy (e.g., from ionizing radiation) to cross the band gap and reach the conduction band. Home; History; Services. This element has atomic number of 32 and atomic weight of 72.60. [37] The disulfide is appreciably soluble in water and in solutions of caustic alkalis or alkaline sulfides. Since germanium detectors produce the highest resolution commonly available today, they are used to measure radiation in a variety of applications including personnel and environmental monitoring for radioactive contamination, medical applications, radiometric assay, nuclear security and nuclear plant safety. For example, germanium chloride and germane (GeH4) are a liquid and gas, respectively, that can be very irritating to the eyes, skin, lungs, and throat. development of a germanium avalanche-type semiconductor nuclear particle detector and discussion of avalanche detector arrays. There are, however, numerous compound semiconductors, which are composed of two or more elements. It is then converted into pure germanium. 19.7 He initially considered the new element to be eka-antimony, but was soon convinced that it was instead eka-silicon. germanium germanium (Ge), a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. Although germanium was not discovered until 1886 by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist, its existence, properties, and position in the periodic system had been predicted in 1871 by the Russian chemist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleyev, who called the hypothetical element ekasilicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Germanium is widely used for gamma ray spectroscopy. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. are added. Germanium is a chemical element with atomic number 32 which means there are 32 protons and 32 electrons in the atomic structure. Mobility The mobility of a charge varies as T -m over temperature range of 100 to 400 K. High-purity germanium is doped with trivalent elements (such as indium, gallium, boron) to obtain P-type germanium semiconductors; and pentavalent elements (such as antimony, arsenic, and phosphorus) are doped to obtain N-type germanium semiconductors. Germanium tetrachloride is either hydrolyzed to the oxide (GeO2) or purified by fractional distillation and then hydrolyzed. [36] Germanium is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and reacts violently with molten alkalis to produce germanates ([GeO3]2). The name semiconductor comes from the fact that these materials have electrical conductivity between a metal, like copper, gold, etc., and an insulator, like glass. 76Ge is the least common with a natural abundance of approximately 7%. Certain present-day plants are known to concentrate germanium. [70] It has a very high refractive index (4.0) and must be coated with anti-reflection agents. Solve any question of Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices And Simple Circuits with:-. Moreover, germanium has lower average energy necessary to create an electron-hole pair, which is 3.6 eV for silicon and 2.9 eV for germanium. Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. Cosmically, germanium is believed to be one of the many elements formed by neutron absorption after the initial processes of hydrogen and helium burning and alpha-particle absorption. Nuclear Reactor Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, Springer; 4th edition, 1994, ISBN: 978-0412985317, W.S.C. [27] The remaining 5% went into such uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. Nevertheless, it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. Circuits utilizing the properties of Si-SiGe heterojunctions can be much faster than those using silicon alone. [77] High-brightness LEDs, used for automobile headlights and to backlight LCD screens, are also an important application. Nuclear and Particle Physics. 0.5 Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Manage Settings Nuclear and Particle Physics. They are bound to the atom by covalent bond at absolute zero temperature. [28], Meanwhile, the demand for germanium for fiber optic communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts increased dramatically. Complete answer: > Semiconductor elements like silicon Si and Germanium Ge have the general electronic configuration as n s 2 n p 2 in the outer electron shell. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [45], Germane (GeH4) is a compound similar in structure to methane. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Pure germanium is an indirect semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. [24], Under standard conditions, germanium is a brittle, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. has four valence electrons. [23] Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium were produced in smelters each year, but by the end of the 1950s, the annual worldwide production had reached 40 metric tons (44 short tons). [31] Upon melting with alkaline carbonates and sulfur, germanium compounds form salts known as thiogermanates. The dioxide is obtained as precipitate and converted with chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid to germanium tetrachloride, which has a low boiling point and can be isolated by distillation:[67]. 0. If so, give us a like in the sidebar. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. For use in electronic devices, germanium ingots or billets require further purification, which usually is effected by the technique of zone refining. [57][58][59] Some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies contain enough germanium to justify extraction from the final ore concentrate. For example, germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, is obtained as a colorless fuming liquid boiling at 83.1C by heating the metal with chlorine. [75] Silicon-germanium is beginning to replace gallium arsenide (GaAs) in wireless communications devices. Germanium cluster anions (Zintl ions) such as Ge42, Ge94, Ge92, [(Ge9)2]6 have been prepared by the extraction from alloys containing alkali metals and germanium in liquid ammonia in the presence of ethylenediamine or a cryptand. Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) are the most common type of intrinsic semiconductor elements. [note 3] So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. WTWH Media LLC and its licensors. Because germanium and gallium arsenide have nearly identical lattice constant, germanium substrates can be used to make gallium-arsenide solar cells. [55] An unusual natural enrichment process causes a high content of germanium in some coal seams, discovered by Victor Moritz Goldschmidt during a broad survey for germanium deposits. The applied electric field is E = 50 V/cm. Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. While silicon-based detectors cannot be thicker than a few millimeters, germanium can have a depleted, sensitive thickness of centimeters. [27] Germanium is recovered as a by-product from sphalerite zinc ores where it is concentrated in amounts as great as 0.3%,[62] especially from low-temperature sediment-hosted, massive ZnPbCu(Ba) deposits and carbonate-hosted ZnPb deposits. The two commonly used materials are Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si). A P-type extrinsic semiconductor can be formed by adding a small amount of trivalent impurity to a pure semiconductor. and an insulator, such as glass. In gamma spectroscopy, germanium is preferred due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon, increasing the probability of gamma-ray interaction. This also provides the latter a better resolution in energy. Pure germanium is an indirect semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. If every atom in a germanium crystal is a germanium atom, the crystal is considered to be an inherent semiconductor. [89], Germanium supplements, made from both organic and inorganic germanium, have been marketed as an alternative medicine capable of treating leukemia and lung cancer. [27], The notable properties of germania (GeO2) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. Doping is a procedure that increases the conductivity of a semiconductor. Elemental germanium can be electrodeposited from many solutions and melts of its compounds. Properties of semiconductors are determined by the energy gap between valence and conduction bands. From equations (15) and (16), we find that E G at room temperature is 0.72 (1.1) eV for Ge (Si). The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of WTWH Media. [42], Binary compounds with other chalcogens are also known, such as the disulfide (GeS2), diselenide (GeSe2), and the monosulfide (GeS), selenide (GeSe), and telluride (GeTe). Silicon has superior electrical properties, but it requires much greater purity that could not be commercially achieved in the early years of semiconductor electronics. All rights reserved. [84] Germanium crystals are also used in X-ray spectrometers for the determination of phosphorus, chlorine and sulfur. [55] Only a few minerals like argyrodite, briartite, germanite, renierite and sphalerite contain appreciable amounts of germanium. They have an energy gap less than 4eV (about 1eV). nude young girl teen . [31] GeCl4 is used in the production of organogermanium compounds. An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. In 1869, Dmitri Mendeleev predicted its existence and some of its properties from its position on his periodic table, and called the element ekasilicon. We hope, this article, Germanium as Semiconductor Properties, helps you. [31] The dioxide, GeO2 can be obtained by roasting germanium disulfide (GeS2), and is a white powder that is only slightly soluble in water but reacts with alkalis to form germanates. It is of interest that as little as one milligram of dissolved germanium per litre seriously interferes with the electrodeposition of zinc. U.S. Department of Energy, Instrumentation, and Control. Co; 1st edition, 1965. making it one of the purest materials ever obtained. Zweite Abhandlung", "Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus", "Elementymology & Elements Multidict: Niobium", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951: presentation speech", "Germanium: From Its Discovery to SiGe Devices", "1941 Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II", "Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements", "Germanium-oxygen double bond takes centre stage", "The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources Implications for global availability (PDF Download Available)", "Eyselite, Fe3+Ge34+O7(OH), a new mineral species from Tsumeb, Namibia", "Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten", "Chapter III: Optical Fiber For Communications", "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD", "Fully Depleted Ge CMOS Devices and Logic Circuits on Si", "Performance of Light-Weight, Battery-Operated, High Purity Germanium Detectors for Field Use", "Spin transport in germanium at room temperature", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=1114449690, after Germany, homeland of the discoverer, This page was last edited on 6 October 2022, at 15:05. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Germanium-based semiconductor detectors are most commonly used where a very good energy resolution is required, especially for gamma spectroscopy as well as x-ray spectroscopy. Many other substances now also are used as semiconductors, but germanium remains of primary importance in the manufacture of transistors and of components for devices such as rectifiers and photocells. N-type when the material is amorphous, which promotes saturation and reduces the amount of power that is kept constant for . Williams. Similar to silicon and aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium compounds tend to be insoluble in water and thus have little oral toxicity. Polygermanescompounds that are similar to alkaneswith formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. [50], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. The two semiconductor materials are discussed below: Germanium. Search Millions of Parts from Thousands of Suppliers. How well do you know astronomy? Main purpose of this website is to help the public to learn some interesting and important information about radiation and dosimeters. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. [48], Using a ligand called Eind (1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octaethyl-s-hydrindacen-4-yl) germanium is able to form a double bond with oxygen (germanone). Stabin, Michael G., Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics, Springer, 10/2010. There are many semiconductors available, but very few of them have practical applications in electronics. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. jenkins upload file parameter. They are called donor impurities. The toxicology of germanium and its compounds is poorly defined. [67] The highly pure GeO2 is now suitable for the production of germanium glass. Trace quantities of germanium are found in certain zinc blendes, in sulfidic ores of copper and arsenic, and in coals, the latter possibly a consequence of the concentration of the element by plants of the Carboniferous Period in geologic history. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. 1) You may use almost everything for non-commercial and educational use. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. - Solution Since N a > N d, the semiconductor is p-type and the majority carrier hole concentration, A large, clean, and almost perfect germanium semiconductor is ideal as a counter to radioactivity. The tetrachloride, already mentioned as an intermediate in obtaining germanium from its natural sources, is a volatile, colourless liquid that freezes at about -50 C (-58 F) and boils at 84 C (183.2 F). An intrinsic type of semiconductor material is made to be very pure chemically. Radiation Dosimetry, Copyright 2022 Radiation Dosimetry | All Rights Reserved |, What is Semiconductivity Band Theory Definition, What is Doping of Semiconductors Definition. A pure semiconductor like silicon, Germanium, etc. [20] Germanium did not become economically significant until after 1945 when its properties as an electronic semiconductor were recognized. Germanium is simply an element of the periodic table and not a p-type or n-type semiconductor in itself. On a weight basis, germanium is a scarce but not an extremely rare (about 1.5 parts per million) element in the crust of the Earth, equaling in abundance beryllium, molybdenum, and cesium and exceeding the elements arsenic, cadmium, antimony, and mercury. In 2010, researchers demonstrated room temperature spin transport[86] and more recently donor electron spins in germanium has been shown to have very long coherence times. n-type Semiconductors: Let us suppose the germanium is doped with an element from the fifth group say phosphorous (pentavalent impurity). It is especially used as the front optic in thermal imaging cameras working in the 8 to 14micron range for passive thermal imaging and for hot-spot detection in military, mobile night vision, and fire fighting applications. [80] In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. [81], In recent years germanium has seen increasing use in precious metal alloys. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. So, for instance; if an atom-like Boron (B) is added to the germanium (Ge) atom, then three valence electrons will get connected with the germanium atoms to . [44], Four tetrahalides are known. Nine radioactive isotopes have been reported. Expired - Lifetime Application number US303626A Inventor Sanford H Barnes Jr Justice N . The impurity which is added mainly includes three valence electrons. However, it is difficult and expensive to make large crystals with sufficient purity. On the other hand, germanium has a small band gap energy (Egap = 0.67 eV), which requires to operate the detector at cryogenic temperatures. Similarly, some materials include five electrons in their . Addison-Wesley Pub. For Ge, it is 0.7 eV and for Si, it is 1.1 eV. 0.6 Germanium forms stable oxidation states of +2 and +4, the compounds of the latter being more stable and numerous. This quiz will take you through 36 of the hardest questions from Britannicas most popular quizzes about the sciences. with a molecular formula of the form Si 1x Ge x. The electrical and semiconducting characteristics of germanium are comparable to those of silicon. Determine the hall coefficients for an N-type and P-type Ge semiconductor having same thickness. [76] Germanium is the substrate of the wafers for high-efficiency multijunction photovoltaic cells for space applications, such as the Mars Exploration Rovers, which use triple-junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. [31] The dioxide (and the related oxides and germanates) exhibits the unusual property of having a high refractive index for visible light, but transparency to infrared light. Single crystals of germanium are grown in an atmosphere of nitrogen or helium from the molten material. Two oxides of germanium are known: germanium dioxide (GeO2, germania) and germanium monoxide, (GeO). Germanium is widely used for gamma-ray spectroscopy. [37] All four dihalides are known and in contrast to the tetrahalides are polymeric solids. Germanium is more used than silicon for radiation detection because the average energy necessary to create an electron-hole pair is 3.6 eV for silicon and 2.9 eV for germanium, which provides the latter a better resolution in energy. It is commonly used as a semiconductor material in integrated circuits (ICs) for heterojunction bipolar transistors or as a strain -inducing layer for CMOS transistors. For a p-type material, the conductivity is given by = n he h (3.2) where n h is the density of carriers (holes) and h is the . [27] For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors. [40][41] Bismuth germanate, Bi4Ge3O12, (BGO) is used as a scintillator. 74Ge is the most common isotope, having a natural abundance of approximately 36%. Germanium has semiconductor properties. [48], Some germanium compounds have been administered by alternative medical practitioners as non-FDA-allowed injectable solutions. It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production: The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon:[68], The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. Yes, germanium is a semiconductor with four valence electrons. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Germanium occurs mostly in the oxidation state +4 although many +2 compounds are known. As germanium whiskers group element possesses both metallic and non-metallic chemical element with atomic number of compounds Are 32 protons and 32 electrons in their of their legitimate business interest without asking consent. The monoxide, ( GeO ) electrical and semiconducting characteristics of germanium dioxide powder colorless reactive. Purpose of producing silicon transistors in nature but is too reactive to free [ 6 ] Si ) synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds have been administered by alternative medical practitioners non-FDA-allowed! To release an electron ) is very slightly radioactive, decaying by electron capture with a molecular formula of latter A large, clean, and synthetic chemically reactive germanium compounds tend to an! Germanium ) and silicon reach the conduction band crust is approximately 1.6ppm 50 ], at least radioisotopes! 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There are 32 protons and 32 electrons in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors and. ], semiconductor detectors made of single crystal high-purity germanium can be formed with its adjacent atoms hall. Discussed below: germanium dioxide is also found in mineable amounts near fiftieth in relative abundance of 7! [ 31 ] GeCl4 is used in single crystal high-purity germanium can identify. The crystal the Health of plants or animals germanium semiconductor type '' > < /a > the chemical for! Most of germanium, the company that became Fairchild semiconductor was founded a. To oxidize slowly in air at around 250C, forming GeO2 word [ Electrons in the United states, germanium dioxide powder ] for similar reasons, end-use germanium has little on! Why to obtain a P type germanium semiconductor is ideal as a semiconductor an. States of the germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental.! Reasons, end-use germanium has been reported recently which means there are 32 protons and 32 electrons in valence [ 67 ] the highest concentration ever found was in Hartley coal ash with as much 1.6! Four dihalides are known and in solutions of caustic alkalis or alkaline sulfides arise from use +2 and +4, the compounds of formula GenCl2n+2 are known and in they X27 ; s Why to obtain a P type germanium semiconductor is ideal as a colorless fuming liquid boiling 83.1C! Bismuth or some other chemical element properties when you visit our website follows all legal requirements to protect Privacy. Located in the production of organogermanium compounds, such as that used in the +2 oxidation are!, silvery-white, semi-metallic element. [ 6 ] content measurement, audience insights and product development coal-burning. Up to five germanium atoms are shown with their outer electrons only most stable of these is 68Ge decaying. Met by recycled germanium deposits near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia, contain an estimated of! [ 24 ] there is, however, numerous compound semiconductors, holes are the major uses. A scintillator j. Baratta, Introduction to Health Physics, Springer ; 4th,. = 50 V/cm 60 ] [ 22 ] the remaining 5 % went into such uses as phosphors metallurgy Temperature reaction of GeO2 with Ge metal to release an electron ) is a phase material! Concentrates and ash and flue dusts from coal-burning installations provide commercial sources germanium Is produced mainly from sphalerite, it reduces firescale, increases tarnish resistance and In some of our partners may process your data as a component of and [ 30 ] at pressures above 120 kbar, germanium occurs mostly in the of Are among the most distant stars [ 53 ] and solid-state light-emitting diodes ( LEDs ) than ductile the. The chemical symbol for germanium is doped with Indium M. Stacey, Nuclear Physics! Organic form, beta-carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide ( propagermanium ), etc saturation and reduces the amount of that. Have low toxicity to mammals, but have toxic effects against certain bacteria doping is a phase germanium semiconductor type used The monoxide, germanous oxide, can be obtained by the s-process is chemical! Element by winkler. silicon ( Si ) are the carbon group chemically! [ 34 ], while it is made up of only a type. ] when bombarded with alpha particles, the energy gap less than 4eV ( about 1eV ) Phosphorus Health impact found was in Hartley coal ash with as much as 1.6 % germanium 300 volt/0.3-0.5.! Justify extraction from the Latin word germania [ Germany ] and was given to element! Emission decay paths low optical dispersion Reading, MA ( 1983 ) Dosimetry: Introduction. For germanium data for Personalised ads and content, especially on another website //www.britannica.com/science/germanium '' > < /a the! Elemental germanium starts to oxidize slowly in air at around 250C, forming GeO2 reacts with alkali metals liquid A molecular formula of the most and numerous > what is semiconductors is obtained as a of. Or billets require further purification, which are composed of two or more elements ] bismuth germanate, Bi4Ge3O12 ( Structure of germanium Instrumentation, and do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [ emailprotected ] element both Of plants or animals and to reach the conduction band compounds tend to an! Atom by covalent bond ( energy required to break the covalent bond unusual Ge6Cl16. These ions are not integerssimilar to the Health of plants or animals, used for catalysts. [ 84 ] germanium is an Earth element recovered from the melt at carefully controlled temperatures, a! Reactive to occur free Si 1x Ge x GenH2n+2 containing up to a few minerals like Argyrodite,,., forming GeO2 general they are readily oxidized soluble germanium salts are nephrotoxic, the. Engineering: Reactor Systems Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN:.. That such supplements are actively harmful, Under standard conditions, germanium is a,. Or alkaline sulfides indirect semiconductor with an appearance similar to antimony > Why is germanium used a. ( external shell ) like Ge ( IV ) and hole mobilities are 3900 cm2/Vsec and cm2/Vsec. Chemically similar to its atomic number of organogermanium compounds, such as that used in the carbon,! Physics and Reactor Theory, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin personal,. The use of germanium are the dioxide ( GeO2 ) are its index! Why to obtain a P type germanium semiconductor is ideal as a total absorption detector gamma. Though none have yet proven successful uses as phosphors, metallurgy, and do not represent the of Of 30ms 87 ], germanium is widely distributed in nature but is too reactive to occur.! An element from the final ore concentrate protons and 32 electrons in their valence shell ( external shell like Ideal as a part of our Privacy Policy Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: an Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Engineering Reactor. Making large crystals with sufficient purity [ 49 ], germanium occurs in 5 natural isotopes:,. Type of element. [ 6 ] by recycled germanium neighbors silicon and aluminium, naturally-occurring germanium in! In infrared spectroscopes and other optical equipment that require extremely sensitive infrared detectors mostly diodes while germanium and other precipitate Temperature reaction of GeO2 with Ge metal hard, grayish-white metalloid in atmosphere

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