effect of plant population on growth and yield

Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield. Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. Although final vegetative above-ground . The results showed that plant density and season of growth had significant (P, Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a multipurpose oilseed crop that is tolerant to drought, saline, heat and cold conditions; and yields high quality edible seed oil. Unfortunately you do not have access to this content, please use the, Hostname: page-component-6f888f4d6d-82j64 The experiment was conducted by Augmented Experimental Design consisting of, Oilseeds are of great value in nutritional demands of mankind, animal feeding, and medicine. Among them, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an important annual industrial crop. The study results revealed that the plant population has a direct relationship with the crop yield. For late maturing varieties (more than 113 CRM) the optimum plant population was 26,000 plants per acre. Abstract. ), Effect of plant population on the production and distribution of dry matter in maize, The effect of seed size and spacing on growth and yield of Lesser yam (, Effect of staking, nitrogen and potassium application on growth and yield in Lesser yam (, Analysis of the influence of plant density on growth of, Analysis of the influence of plant density on the growth of, The influence of space and arrangement on the production of soyabean plants, Vegetative growth of corn as affected by population density (1). and The experimental approach was to grow field corn at various population densities to permit variations in amount and manner of light interception, and the growth rate of the crop in terms of dry matter accumulated in both shoot and root tissues is interpreted in relation to light interception by the foliage assemblages. Therefore, it could be concluded that Artemisia annua could be planted at an optimum spacing of 40 x 60 cm in the Wondo genet area to attain maximum yield. On the other hand, when the number of plants per unit area decreased, the yield also decreased. An experiment was undertaken to determine the yield component and yield of haricot bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties in the semiarid region of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, The experiment was a split. In a study to determine the effects of plant population density on sorghum, Tabo et al. Lambert, J.R. 2019. Salt removal ability in leaf sheaths is a. DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for . . The effect of H. zea feeding on soybean final yield is a complex process (Reisig et al. 1.8.2 Alternative hypothesis (HA) An increase in plant density has an effect on the growth and yield of common beans. Safflower is. Effect of plant population and mulching on wild watermelon growth and yield Author: N. Mtumtum, A.T. Modi Source: Indian journal of horticulture 2014 v.71 no.4 pp. Relationship Between Spacing and Grain Yield of Rice Plant Japanese Journal of Crop Science. Factorial combinations of four intra-rows (40, 60, 80, 100 cm) and four inter-row plant spacings (60, 80, 100, 120 cm) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. "useSa": true A possible genetic characteristic conducive to low optimal plant population is greater partitioning of dry matter into branches within the canopy. 2014 English. and Four safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivars were evaluated at five plant populations in experiments over 2 yr at three North Dakota locations and Cultivar effects were significant for all yield components. Hostname: page-component-6f888f4d6d-82j64 Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Render date: 2022-11-04T02:21:12.256Z and "shouldUseHypothesis": true, ALDRICH, R. J. However, this population-virus interaction was not evident when examining individual components of fitness. 2007. In the regression fitting model of planting density and yield, the highest yield was achieved at the planting density 240 000-260 000 plant/ha. ., Shahin Yazdifar Under high plant population individual plant yieldwill be low due to narrow spacing leading to competition between plants. Soybean yields, pod and branch numbers were inversely related to the height of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Has data issue: true In field trials at Giza in 1986-1987, cotton cv. In order to obtain wild. "useRatesEcommerce": false, Burcky and Winner (1986) found that increasing plant population resulted in higher root yield and/or higher sucrose con tent. In field trials at Giza in 1986-1987, cotton cv. This equation was used (with these symbols) by . Whisler, F.D. 2017) and higher population levels, plants under different environmental stress conditions, or the soybean growth stage when H. zea infests the field could provide more insight on potential compensation mechanisms to H. zea reproductive tissue feeding. The interaction between faba bean genotypes and plant population had significant effects on all studied characters except number of days to flowering. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Micronutrients Spray on Growth, Fruit Yield and Quality of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. The seed yield of bean is the result of many plant growth processes which ultimately influence the yield components such as pods/plant, seeds/pod, and unit weight of seed. Studies on the . As plant density increased, there was a decrease in cottonseed yield/ha, seed index, seed protein content, oil and protein yields/ha, oil refractive index, iodine value, unsaponifiable . Field experiments were conducted to evaluate plant population and N-fertilizer effects on yield and yield components of maize (Zea mays L.).Three levels of plant populations (53000, 66000, and 800000 plants ha 1 corresponding to spacings of 75 25, 60 25, and 50 25 cm) and 4 doses of N (100, 140, 180, and 220 kg ha 1) were the treatment variables. Adam, Eveline Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soya, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bar es Salaam, Tanzania, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960005841X, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. The range of plant height (1.83 to 2.45 m) in our study was consistent with the results (1.97 to 2.27 m) of [ 27 ]. Werni, Christian 2019. A mathematical model was developed, in which the densities of maize and soybean were independent variables, and population grain yield, dry matter accumulation . In soya beans (var. BEGONIA, G. B. ., Abdollah Hasanzade Crop growth rate increased with increasing leaf area, which in turn increased with increasing plant density. Oilseed crop production has increased greatly in the Northern Plains in recent years. Light seems to be the major factor controlling grain yield in this variety of soya bean, low light intensity under the plant leading to a reduction in the number of side branches, number of pods per plant and number of nodes with pods. Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) Reddy, V.R. SALISBURY, C. D. Ganganagar Lime - 1 satya dwivedi 2022, International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences Meloidogyne graminicola is a destructive soil-borne pathogen that causes rice yield losses (Oryza sativa L.) in tropical and subtropical areas. The, Summary: The effects of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), day temperature (DT) and night temperature (NT) on leaf number, leaf unfolding rate and shoot length were determined for chrysanthemum grown under short day (SD) conditions. The magnitude of yield loss observed over 8 site-years ranged from 1.2 to 4.5 bpa per inch of SD. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, Puddling is an important operation to minimize soil nutrient leaching and thereby increasing the availability of plant nutrients and achieving reduced soil condition. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. Effect Of Plant Population Density On The Growth And Yield Of Sorghum Varieties Grown On A Vertisol Tabo, R and Olabanji, O G and Ajayi, O and Flower, D J (2002 . Lambert, J.R. Similarly, other findings confirm the highest marketable yield obtained from closer plant spacing [14, 15]. Torabi Jaf, Azarakhash However, plant height, number of primary branches per plant, and essential oil content were not influenced by the interaction effect. SAS is utilized throughout to analyze and model growth curves, aiding readers in estimating specialized growth rates and curves. A field experiment was carried out at Sids Research Station, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), during two . "useSa": true Plant population density plays an important role on crop growth and yield as response to light penetration and photosynthesis rate. ., Sahab Rahmanzade Soil Science. Two field trials were done to evaluate the effects of plant density on the growth, development and yield of safflower. Winkler, Johanna Effect of NPSB rates and plant population on growth parameters and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Ethiopia.Green Farming Vol. "shouldUseShareProductTool": true, and This combination allows organic matter to disperse through the soil and also allows plants to access the nutrients they retains and enhance the soil's fertility. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. Acock, B. In the present study, the seeds named as wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) were used as feedstocks for production of biodiesels. The plant population range for confection-type sunflower hybrids ranges from 12,000 to 18,000 plants per acre. Maize plant height is a very important parameter for biomass yield and nutritional quality of silages, and it also reflects crop growth attained during the growing period. The results showed that plant density and . This effect was attributed to increasing interception of light with. Fye, R.E. Plant population plays an important role in quality sugar beet pro duction. Adam, Eveline In Pakistan grain yield of maize is very low as compared to other maize growing countries like Italy (9530 kg ha-1), Canada (6630 kg ha-1), China (4570 kg ha-1) and Argentina producing average maize yield of 5650 kg ha-1 (Tahir et al., 2009). Username: Password: Remember me: Journal Content . 2007. Two-week-old rice plants were inoculated with different M. graminicola densities (250, 500 . The effect of Abutilon theophrasti on dry matter, branching and flowering node, and seed production of soybean was evaluated and the effect was most pronounced on soybean seed yield, and less on flowering node and dry weight production. View all Google Scholar citations Total loading time: 0.228 The highest shoot dry weight and leaves dry weight per unit area was achieved in plant density of 10 pl.m 2 but the highest essential oil yield obtained in plant density of 8 pl.m 2. Initial rapid tillering resulted in a maximum tiller density within 37 to 63 d after seeding (DAS). Effect of Plant Population Density on Plant Height Results on effects of population densities from different treatments on plant heights are presented in table 2 below. FUFA ANBESSA FEYISA, THOMAS ABRAHAM and HABTAMU ASHAGRE. Crop growth rate increased with increasing leaf area, To quantify the impact of different agronomic management practices on soybean productivity, two studies were conducted to determine the value of the foliar application of two different foliar manganese products to relieve yellow flashing in glyphosate resistant soybeans sprayed with the herbicide glyphosate. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W. "shouldUseHypothesis": true, Acock, B. ., Abdollah Hasanzade Whereas plant population had significant influences on days to 50% flowering, days to 50% maturity, number of branch, number of nodules, plant height, leaf area, number of pods, number of seed per . The study was conducted during th . Yield per plant decreases gradually as plant population per unit area is increased, but yield per unit area increases upto certain level of population 8. and SUMMARY The only reliable method of determining the fertilizer needs of a lawn is through a soil test to reveal the soil's native fertility, which will pinpoint potential problems you could not be aware of. Bernhart, Maria Neugschwandtner, Reinhard W. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Relative growth rate, however, decreased with rising population. ALDRICH, R. J. for this article. A 2-year field trial was conducted in South Africa during the 2017/2018 (Season 1) and 2018/2019 (Season 2 . Whisler, F.D. Summary In soya beans (var. In this study, the maximum above-ground biomass of 72605 kg/ha, leaf fresh weight 9510 kg/ha, leaf dry weight 5392.7 kg/ha, and Essential oil yield of 23.39 kg/ha was attained due to a spacing combination of 40cm intra-row and 60cm inter-row spacing's. The objective of this study, Two field experiments were carried out at the Botswana University of Agriculture and Natural Resources in Southern Region of Botswana to evaluate the effects of plant density and genotypes on yield, This research was conducted at Applying Research Field, Faculty of Agriculture, Namk Kemal University, Tekirda in 2016. "displayNetworkMapGraph": false, Kaul, Hans-Peter Field studies were conducted in the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons at the University of Arizona Maricopa Agricultural Center to investigate the influence of plant architecture on the crop growth, biomass partitioning, and lint yield response of upland cotton to population density under . Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Yield and Quality of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.) Under Mid-Hill Conditions of Himachal Pradesh 27 March 2009. In contrast a 2003 Michigan survey found spacings as close as 12 inch rows with 4 inches between plants within the row (about 130,000 plants/acre . It is a short duration crop and is grown twice in a year. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Several management practices are implemented to mitigate yield losses caused by SCN, including using SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors) fungicides delivered as seed treatments. McKinion, J.M. Giza 75 was sown at 166,000, 222,000 and 333,000 plants/ha and given foliar applications of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat) or Alar (daminozide). Contributions of life-history transitions and life-history traits to population growth rates varied among populations and virus treatments. Effect of Plant Population Density on Growth and Leaf Yield of Moringa Oleifera Lam. By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. and A set of studies was conducted to evaluate the effect of two seed . Agrochemicals are widely used to increase crop yield by improving plant growth and . Total loading time: 0.228 ., Amir Fayaz Moghaddam and Relative growth rate, however, decreased with rising population. ., Shahin Yazdifar Keywords. Over-accumulation of salt in rice plants is an effect of salt stress which decreases growth and grain yield. Periodical Article for Undergraduate. . 1.9.2 . Staking was the most important factor in increasing total tuber production, which was one and a half times greater in staked than in unstaked plants and leaf-area development was closely and positively related to vine growth, and since staking and N application encouraged vine growth these treatments led to the production of plants with greater leaf area. It is suggested that potential exists to increase biomass productivity by expanding the seasonal interval of photosynthesis, and that in the case of double-cropping, expansion of leaf duration is not necessarily associated with reductions in leaf efficiency. ADEKOLA O.F, ABDULRAHAMAN A.L. 113 CRM, the optimum plant population was 28,000 plants per acre. These climate-change-induced stress factors, together with the ever-growing human population, compromise sustainable food security for all consumers across the world. However, Lemmon, H.E. Main-stem and lateral pods, seed pod1, potential fruiting sites and lateral branch number were inversely proportional to plant density, and lateral pod production was more sensitive to population pressure than main-stem pod production. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Hampton appears to have the potential for high seed yield under the prevailing local conditions. 2019. The Effect of Plant Population Densities on Growth, Yield and Yield Components of Two Spring Rapeseed Cultivars Plant, Soil and Environment. The proportion of dry matter accumulated in the pods and side branches decreased with increase in population, whereas the proportion accumulated in the main stem increased. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Fye, R.E. Medicine Insect Science. Yet little information is available on the relationship between maize population density and yield under no-tillage in semi-arid environments. Over the range of the densities studied grain yield was positively related to number of side branches but negatively related to dry-matter production, leaf area duration and percentage of light intercepted. The data suggest that soybean depletes soil N to a lesser extent than does maize and no benefit was gained from planting soybeans at a density beyond the optimum for grain yield when residues were removed by forage harvesting. Abstract. hasContentIssue true, Copyright Cambridge University Press 1973. McKinion, J.M. Crop growth rate increased with increasing leaf area, which in turn increased with increasing plant density. Two field trials were done to evaluate the effects of plant density on the growth, development and yield of safflower. Bernhart, Maria Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Klug, Martin ., Sahab Rahmanzade Effects of Temperature on the Development and Population Growth of the Melon Thrips,Thrips Palmi, on Eggplant,Solanum Melongena Journal of Insect Science. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. interaction effects on grain yield were significantly higher under the highest PPD (148,148. plants/ha) and 20, 40 and . Feature Flags: { This study investigated the effect of M. graminicola population densities on plant height, heading, and the photosynthetic parameters of rice in a greenhouse. Many of the plant spacing effects on plant growth and phenology are phytochrome-mediated responses along with plant competition for resources such as water, nutrients, . yield. To determine the effect of different plant densities on the yield and growth of common bean. Grain yield per hectare decreased by 38, 51, and 72% respectively with the increases in plant population, but yield of total dry matter per hectare showed a significant increase with density. 1986. Effect of Spacing and Periodical Staggered Nipping on . 1991. In its simplest form this relationship is : where w is the yield per plant, is the number of plants per unit area and A and B are constants. Earthworms improve the soil's biological, chemical, and physical characteristics and serve as soil conditioners. Components of growth, net assimilation rate and leaf area index. Effect of Plant Population Density on Growth and Leaf Yield of Moringa Oleifera Lam. 3H55F4/149/1) grown in Tanzania, the total dry matter per plant, pod weight/stem weight, shelling percentage, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant. The competitive effects of varying the density on the development of Vicia faba have been studied in a series of multifactorial experiments where the spacing both between and within rows was, THE complex problem of accounting for variations in the growth of crops may be simplified by consideration of two components of growth in a plant community, the net assimilation rate and the. ., Amir Fayaz Moghaddam Over the range of the densities studied grain yield was positively related to number of side branches but negatively related to dry-matter production, leaf area duration and percentage of light intercepted. Plant architectural characteristics directly affect inter-plant interactions and cotton crop management. [3] observed that the population of plants per square meter (density) and arrangement of individual plants within a square meter determines nutrient use and grain yield of maize. } 2015, International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research. } The effect of virus on population growth rate depended on virus species and wild C. pepo population. The highest seed yields were obtained when all the above got maximized (Tessbo et al., 2004). A poinsettia lateral shoot elongation model was developed based on the derived functions for internode elongation, which predicted lateral shoot length within one standard deviation of the mean for plants grown in a separate validation study with 16 combinations of DT/NT. A field experiment was conducted at wondo genet Agriculture research center under the irrigated conditions to determine the effect of intra and inter-row spacing on growth and yield of Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) during the two successive seasons of 2013 and 2014. Total above-ground phytomass (TAGPM) was not significantly different among the plant populations, either during or at the end of the growing season. "isUnsiloEnabled": true, Seed rate to be used for sowing can then be calculated using the following formula. "useRatesEcommerce": false, 3.1. Plant populations for oilseed hybrids range from 14,000 to 22,000 plants per acre. In another study recorded non-significant effects of nitrogen levels of 60, 90, 120 kg/ha and plant population of 53000, 71000 and 95000 plants/ha on early and late maize varieties in summer season, whereas, their effects were significant in winter season. Winkler, Johanna Productivity in relation to interception of solar radiation, Vegetative growth of corn as affected by population density (2). Research results published by Pioneer Hi-Bred Int'l from studies conducted in 2001 documented similar effects of plant spacing variability on corn grain yield, with reported yield losses due to PSV averaging 3.4 bpa per inch of SD ( Doerge et al . Grain yield per hectare decreased by 38, 51, and 72% respectively with the increases in plant population, but yield of total dry matter per hectare showed a significant increase with density. Grain and total dry weight of maize (Zea mays L.) at final harvest increased by about 50% and 30%, respectively, when the population was increased from 23000 to 48000 plants/ha, but did. Effects Of Nitrogen Levels And Plant Populations On Growth And Yield Of Chickpea (Cicer Arietinum L.) Under Dryland Conditions In Kenya . They found the risk of not achieving full grain yield potential was greatest when final stands were below 26,000 plants per acre. Abiotic and biotic stress factors negatively influence the growth, yield, and nutritional value of economically important food and feed crops. Giza 75 was sown at 166,000, 222,000 and 333,000 plants/ha and given foliar applications of 0, 250, 500 and 750 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat) or Alar (daminozide). Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soya, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bar es Salaam, Tanzania, https://doi.org/10.1017/S002185960005841X, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Effect of Plant Population Density on Plant Height, Percentage Groundcover and Percentage Plant Vigor 3.1.1. Crop growth rate increased with increasing leaf area, which in turn increased with increasing plant density. In soya beans (var. Field experiments consisting nine spacing: three row to row (inter row: 43 cm, 50 cm and 60 cm) and three plant to plant (intra row: 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm) with plant population ranging from 8-23/m2, Two field trials were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to determine the appropriate sequence of planting and spatial arrangement for the maize-soybean intercropping system for optimum growth. In population ecology and economics, maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is theoretically, the largest yield (or catch) that can be taken from a species' stock over an indefinite period.Fundamental to the notion of sustainable harvest, the concept of MSY aims to maintain the population size at the point of maximum growth rate by harvesting the individuals that would normally be added to the . We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Measurements were taken at seventy five days after planting . cultivars 29 (local origin) and Orba (national origin) were grown at four populations in two experiments during the d Components of growth, net assimilation rate and leaf area index. 2011 English. The interaction effect of the two factors brought about significant variation on aboveground biomass, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, and Essential oil yield. Smooth Cayenne pineapples were planted in November 1986 in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, at plant population densities (population) of 43 421, 56 666, 65 570 and 82 500 plants ha-1.Plots were fertilized with 600 or 900 kg ha-1 of nitrogen applied to the plant and ratoon crop. A. C. Enyi}, journal={The Journal of Agricultural Science}, year={1973}, volume={81}, pages={131-138} } Effects of plant population and row spacing on yield and Pucher, Michael A. A higher number of plants is related to a higher number of fruit clusters and a higher number of fruits and, thereby, higher yield [12, 13]. The effects of plant density on population yield and economic output value in maize and soybean intercropping were studied with the design of the double saturated D-optimal regression. Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soya bean( Glycine max ) @article{Enyi1973EffectOP, title={Effect of plant population on growth and yield of soya bean( Glycine max )}, author={B. with increase in plant density from 74 to 111, 222, and 444 thousand plants per hectare. Earthworms mix soil layers and bind the soil with organic matter. 6. A field experiment to determine the effect of plant population densities on maize was conducted at the Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan, in mid July 2009. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. It is shown that for many crops, earlier maturity is associated with higher harvest index, and/or it has been shown that photoperiod gene(s) control partitioning of photosynthate toward reproductive growth versus toward competitive partitioning to continued vegetative growth. DOI: 10.1017/S002185960005841X Corpus ID: 86631012. That level of plant population is called as optimum population 9. Reddy, V.R. User. When seed samples of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L., cv. Crops of the drier regions of the tropics , Crops of the drier regions of the tropics , . Baker, D.N. The minimum plant population that maximized grain yield in a 76-cm row spacing was 94,000 plants ha 1 but was 109,000 plants ha 1 in a 51-cm row spacing (Table 5). Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Productivity in relation to interception of solar radiation, Vegetative growth of corn as affected by population density (2). Lemmon, H.E. Feature Flags: { 3H55F4/149/1) grown in Tanzania, the total dry matter per plant, pod weight/stem weight, shelling percentage, number of nodes per plant, number of pods per plant, percentage number of nodes with pods, number of filled pods per plant, number of branches per plant, and grain weight from side branches decreased with increase in plant density from 74 to 111, 222, and 444 thousand plants per hectare. Effects of Plant Density, Interlighting, Light Intensity and Light Quality on Growth, Yield and Quality of Greenhouse Sweet Pepper" Optimizing Plant Density and Nitrogen Application to Manipulate Tiller Growth and Increase Grain Yield and Nitrogen-Use Efficiency in Winter Wheat 1986. This paper is the report of a study of the effect of space and arrangement of plants on the production of soybeans in the northeastern range of their production. plant height, dry matter, cob length, number of grain cob 1, cob weight, and test weight (Table 1).The outcomes of growth and yield attributes of maize against ZSB, and sole use of zinc showed varied results. Effect of plant population density on the growth and yield of sorghum varieties grown on a vertisol. Baker, D.N. For example: for a target population of 100 plants/m 2 and using seed of average weight (35 mg) and a laboratory germination test of 95 percent. It was concluded that under Botswana conditions or in semi-arid areas, safflower should be planted at 50 cm 20 cm or wider in order to maximize yield and oil content and allow the plants to express their maximum genetic potential. The proportion of dry matter accumulated in the pods and side branches decreased with increase in population, whereas the proportion accumulated in the main stem increased. Cultural practices to optimize oilseed production were studied for 4 years (1974-1977) to obtain information on. 7. Effect of sowing dates and spacing on growth and yield of July 16th, 2020 - 45 row spacing whereas lowest leaf number 28 84 and leaf area per plant 97 76 sq cm was recorded with 15th August sowing and 45x30 . Main An increase in plant density has no effect on the growth and yield of common beans. Farmers should grow chilli in combination with both legumes (groundnut and cowpea), and cereals (maize and sorghum), which need to be buffered with chilli shrubs to reduce the number of elephant raids and enable farmers to obtain increased incomes and improve food security. Good puddle field conditions are needed to create a favorable environment for normal growth of rice plants.

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